Research progress of regulation mechanism of innate immunity in malaria / 中国药理学通报

Malaria is a kind of disease detrimental to human health and plasmodium is a critical pathogen in it. The immunity against foreign antigens including plasmodium could be divided into two categories, namely, adaptive immunity and innate im-munity. Innate immunity induces non-specific immune response, and is composed of monocyte,macrophage,γδT cell,DC,NK, and cytokines etc. Innate immunity cooperates with adaptive im-munity efficiently to protect against malaria. Meanwhile,autoph-agy is not only the cellular degrading process, but also gets in-volved in regulating immune system and defending against plas-modium infection. Therefore, elucidation of corresponding mechanism could provide proof for efficiently controlling and cu-ring malaria,developing related medicine and vaccine,and clin-ical treatment as well. This article reviews the constitution of in-nate immunity in malaria,related regulation mechanism and rel-evant therapeutic targets for it.

Landscape of PD-1/PD-L1 Regulation and Targeted Immunotherapy / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a significant immune checkpoint, and the dysfunction of this axis contributes to tumor metastasis and immune escape. PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK signal network induces PD-1/PD-L1 expression and facilitates tumor progression. Transcriptional factors such as hypoxia induced factors, PTEN, p53, CDK5, BRD4, STAT modulate PD-1/PD-L1 expression. PD-1/PD-L1 level is also regulated via epigenetic and post-translational manner. The underlying mechanisms mentioned above may provide potential targets for tumor treatment. At present, the combination therapy of PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies plus small molecular inhibitors has achieved good outcomes in tumor treatment.

Study on the correlation among quantification of HBV-DNA and HBeAg, anti-HBe in hepatitis B carriers / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To better understand the duplication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in order to improve clinical diagnoses and treatments via quantitative measurement of HBV-DNA and comparison of correlation of HBV-DNA with HBeAg and anti-HBe.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>For 883 hepatitis B patients with positive HBsAg, HBV-DNA was measured by COBAS AMPLICOR HBV MONITOR reagent and COBAS AMPLICOR quantitative PCR instrument. Microparticle enzyme immunoassay analysis (MEIA) was then carried out with fully automatic enzyme immunoassay analysis instrument made by Abbott Axsym from the U.S. to measure HBeAg and anti-HBe. Correlation was analysed by SPSS.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1)Positive correlation between 690 HBV-DNA positive and HBeAg positive with r= 0. 505 (P< 0.01) was found with mean values as:HBV-DNA:7.12 x 10(12) copies/ml;HBeAg:218.31 S/CO. HBV-DNA:10(4) copies/ml, HBeAg: 104 S/CO; HBV-DNA: 10(5)-10(8) copies/ml, HBeAg: 112 S/CO; HBV-DNA: 10(9)-10(15) copies/ml, HBeAg: 252 S/CO. (2) No correlation was found between 193 HBV-DNA and anti-HBe + with r= -0.052(P= 0.477> 0.05) with Mean: HBV-DNA: 8.0x 10(10) copies/ml anti-HBe: 0.18 S/CO.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HBV-DNA and HBeAg appeared to have had linear correlation, showing that HBeAg> 100 S/CO,HBV-DNA> 10(4) copies/ml and hepatitis B virus were reproduced. However, HBV-DNA did not show linear correlation with anti-HBe as HBeAg negative and anti-HBe positive, the level of hepatitis B viral replication decrease slightly. But the virus load is still high. Infectivity can not neglect.</p>

Animal model of facial neuritis induced by herpes simplex virus / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the role of herpes simplex virus type 1 ( HSV-1 ) in facial paralysis by developing an experimental animal model of viral facial paralysis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Both sides of posterior auricular branch of facial nerve were anatomies and incised in 66 mice. The HSV-1 was inoculated into right ear branch and fetal bovine serum was inoculated into left ear branch as control. The symmetry of mouse face was observed and scored. The temporal bones were serially sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The extratemporal facial nerves were stained with osmium tetroxide. HSV-1 DNA in bilateral facial nerve, brain stem, trigeminal ganglion and spinal cord was detected by the polymerase chain reaction.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty-eight (42. 42%) mice developed right facial paralysis between 2 and 5 days after inoculation. Continuing 3-6 days, the facial paralysis recovered spontaneously. Thirty-eight mice had no signs of facial paralysis. Compared with the left, nerve swelling, inflammatory cell infiltration were manifested in right temporal facial nerve of paralyzed mice. The ratio of the cross-sectional area of the facial nerve to the facial canal ( FN/FC ) was significantly higher than that on the control side (P < 0.01). Demyelinated nerve fibers were seen in the right extratemporal facial nerve. Not only in paralyzed mice, but also in non-paralyzed mice, HSV DNA was detected in some nerve tissues.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Inoculating HSV-1 into posterior auricular branch of facial nerve can produce an acute and transient facial paralysis in mice. The possible pathophysiologic mechanism of the facial paralysis is viral invasion and transportation from distal branch to main trunk. Then the viral facial neuritis causes facial paralysis.</p>

Detection of eotaxin and its clinical diagnosis value in patients with bronchial asthma / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the role of eotaxin in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma and the clinical value in the diagnosis of asthma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Serum eotaxin were measured by ELISA in 38 patients with asthma, 28 patients with non-asthma allergy, and 30 healthy controls.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The levels of serum eotaxin in the asthma group were higher than those in the non-asthma allergic and control group (P<0.01). Furthermore, eotaxin levels in patients with acute asthma were significantly higher than those in patients with stable asthma (P<0.001). It was also found that the eotaxin levels of the acute asthma group were positively correlated to the amounts of eosinophils in peripheral blood (r=0.4196, P<0.001), and inversely correlated to the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (r=-0.3746, P<0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It suggests that eotaxin may play a crucial pathogenic role in the asthmatic process possibly by activating the allergic inflammatory cells and controlling the recruitment of eosinophils from blood to bronchial epithelium of the airway. The concentration of eotaxin is significantly associated with the attack of acute asthma and its severity. Eotaxin may be a potential therapeutic target in patients with asthma.</p>

Analysis on the SARS-CoV genome of PUMC01 isolate / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To perform variation and phylogenetics analysis on the SARS-CoV genome sequence (PUMC01) isolated in the Peking Union Medical College Hospital.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The cDNA library of SARS-CoV (PUMC01 isolate) was constructed by means of random-priming strategy. Random selected plasmid was sequenced and the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-PUMC01 was assembled by conventional methods (The Genebank Accession No. of SARS-CoV-PUMC01 is AY350750). The variation and phylogenetics analysis were performed by comparing the PUMC01 sequence with other SARS-CoV isolates.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ten variation sites were found by comparing PUMC01 isolate with Tor2 and Urbani isolates. In phylogenetic analysis of 18 SARS-CoV isolates, two classes were observed and there is different differential time between these two classes and the different isolates in each class.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The evidence of phylogenetic analysis of different SARS-CoV isolates from different region is instructive for understanding the clinical relations between the different isolates and the transmission chain of SARS-CoV.</p>

cDNAs cloning of SARS-CoV PUMC2 viral genome / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To get the cDNA clones which cover the whole genome of SARS-CoV PUMC2 strain.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using the SARS-CoV PUMC2 strain genomic RNA as the template, the cDNA fragments were amplified by RT-PCR, the PCR products were further purified and ligated into the pGEM-T vector, and all the clones obtained were sequenced.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The cDNA clones which cover the whole genome of SARS-CoV PUMC2 strain were obtained.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>These cDNAs can be provided for the function study of SARS-CoV proteins and the construction of full-length infectious cDNA clone of SARS-CoV.</p>

Cloning, expression and purification of SARS coronavirus PUMC2 strain nucleocapsid protein / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To clone, express and purify nucleocapsid protein from SARS coronavirus PUMC2 strain.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>According to the published SARS coronavirus genome sequences, the full length cDNA of N protein from SARS coronavirus PUMC2 strain was cloned by RT-PCR and the cDNA was cloned into the pET32a expression vector. The recombinant N protein was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3), and purified by Ni(2+)-NTA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Prokaryoticly expressed and purified N protein of SARS coronavirus PUMC2 strain was obtained.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The SARS coronavirus recombinant N protein obtained by genetic engineering methods can be used for further functional study of SARS coronavirus N protein.</p>

Isolation and identification of SARS-coronavirus in nasal and throat swabs collected from clinically diagnosed SARS patients / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To isolate and identify SARS-coronavirus in nasal and throat swabs collected from clinically diagnosed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Nasal and throat swab specimens were inoculated onto well of 24-well plate containing confluent monolayers of Vero and MRC-5 cells. Isolates were identified with serology, electron microscopy and genome sequence.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>One hundred and fifty-eight nasal and throat swabs specimens from 79 SARS patients in Peking Union Medical College Hospital between April and May, 2003 were cultured for SARS-coronavirus. Cytopathic effect (CPE) was found in three nasal swab specimens inoculated in Vero cells. Acute and convalescent phase serum specimens collected from SARS patients were found with seroconversions and/or a fourfold or greater rises in indirect fluorescence antibodies (IgG and IgM) titers when the 3 isolates (infected Vero cells) were used as antigen. Coronavirus was observed in the culture supernatant by negative-stain electron microscopy. Genome sequence confirmed the isolates were SARS-coronavirus.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The 3 isolates from nasal and throat swabs samples collected from 79 clinically diagnosed SARS patients were SARS coronavirus.</p>

Reliability of detecting SARS-CoV antibody for diagnosis of SARS / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the reliability of SARS-CoV antibody detection for SARS diagnosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using SARS-CoV ELISA kit to detect relevant antibody in fresh serum of healthy, fever, probable, and suspect cases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The positive rate is 0%, 40%, and 95% respectively in healthy, probable, and suspect cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It is reliable to detect SARS-CoV antibody in late suspect patients, but there will be high false-positive result in ordinary fever cases.</p>

Study on the expression of PBMCs IP-10 mRNA and systemic lupus erythematosus / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To explore the relation between the expression of PBMCs IP-10 mRNA and systemic lupus erythematosus.Methods The expression of PBMCs IP-10 mRNA was investigated by RT-PCR semi quantitative method and samples from 46 patients with SLE,20 patients with RA,11 non-SLE patients with renal impairment and 20 healthy volunteers.Results The expression of PBMCs IP-10 mRNA in active SLE group was significantly higher than that in inactive group(P0.05).Serum levels of IP-10 were highly correlated with the expression levels of PBMCs IP-10 mRNA(r=0.897 1,P

The role of nutritional status on serum immunoglobulins, body weight and postoperative infectious-related complications in patients with Crohn's disease receiving perioperative parenteral nutrition / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the role of nutritional status on serum immunoglobulins, body weight and postoperative infectious-related complications in patients with Crohn's disease receiving perioperative parenteral nutrition (PN).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>32 patients with Crohn's disease receiving perioperative parenteral nutrition in our department between 1984 and 1994 were enrolled in this survey. 16 patients with loss of body weight in the range of 15%-30% were assigned to the malnutrition group, the other 16 patients with normal weight or loss of body weight less than 15% to the control group. Serum IgM, IgG and IgA levels were measured before and after PN by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Liver function, body weight changes and postoperative complications were also analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>IgM levels were elevated before PN in both groups [control group: (133 +/- 16) mg/dl, malnutrition group: (139 +/- 41) mg/dl; normal value: (110 +/- 35) mg/dl; P = 0.04], decreased to normal value [(105 +/- 29) mg/dl, P = 0.02] in the malnutrition group while having no obvious changes in the control group [(129 +/- 13) mg/dl, P = 0.34]. No significant changes in concentrations of IgG and IgA were found (P in the range of 0.20-0.57). The average weight gain was 1.862 kg in malnutrition group [before PN: (45.8 +/- 8.9) kg, after PN: (48.0 +/- 8.8) kg; P = 0.005] and no significant changes in the control group [before PN: (55.6 +/- 6.1) kg, after PN: (56.3 +/- 6.0) kg; P = 0.46]. There was an increase in infectious complications in the control group (control group: 4 cases, 25%, malnourished group: 2 cases, 12.5%; P = 0.13).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Perioperative parenteral nutrition ameliorated the humoral immunity, increased the body weight in patients with obvious malnutrition, whereas it had little value for those without or with mild malnutrition.</p>